Chapter+01-05+ANSWERS

= ﻿ Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5: The Four Basic Contingencies=

ANSWERS

1. Reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer, reinforcement by the removal of an aversive condition, punishment by the presentation of an aversive condition (or simply //punishment//), and punishment by the loss of a reinforcer (//penalty//).

a) Construct a 2x2 contingency table

↑ || Penalty ↓ || ↓ || Escape ↑ ||
 * **Stimulus/**
 * Event/**
 * Condition** || **Present** || **Remove** ||
 * **Reinforcer** || Reinforcement
 * **Aversive Condition** || Punishment

b) Diagram the three types of examples (Skinner box, everyday //[the natural contingencies that govern your everyday behaviors]//, and performance management contingencies //[added contingencies that are used to govern your behavior]//) for each of the four basic contingencies. **Note: In this course, always include the reinforcement contingency for the response of interest, when you diagram a punishment or penalty contingency.**



SKINNER BOX REINFORCEMENT (POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT)
 * ANSWER:**

SKINNER BOX PENALTY

SKINNER BOX PUNISHMENT



SKINNER BOX ESCAPE (NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT)

EVERYDAY REINFORCEMENT (POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT)



EVERYDAY PENALTY



EVERYDAY PUNISHMENT



EVERYDAY ESCAPE (NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT)



PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT REINFORCEMENT (POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT)



PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PENALTY



PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PUNISHMENT

PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ESCAPE (NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT)

2. Positive and Negative reinforcement and Positive and Negative punishment

a) Compare and contrast in terms of the preferred nomenclature (names) in //PB//


 * ANSWER:**


 * **Traditional** || **PB** ||
 * Positive Reinforcer || Reinforcer ||
 * Positive Reinforcement || Reinforcement by the presentation of a reinforcer ||
 * Negative Reinforcer || Aversive condition ||
 * Negative Reinforcement || Reinforcement by the removal of an aversive condition ||

b) What’s the common confusion?


 * ANSWER**: People think negative reinforcement (escape) will //decrease// behavior and positive reinforcement will //increase// behavior. In other words, using the traditional manner of speaking, //positive// and //negative// refer to the //adding// (presentation) or //subtraction// (removal) of the outcome stimulus. It does NOT refer to the //effect// (increase or decrease in frequency) that the outcome has upon the response.
 * Reinforcement (Positive Reinforcement) and Escape (Negative Reinforcement) both INCREASE frequency of behavior
 * Positive = presentation of a positive stimulus
 * Negative = removal of a negative stimulus

3. According to the toothpaste theory, what is wrong with talking about //expressing things//, not only //expressing anger// but even //expressing love//?


 * ANSWER**: Beware of the verb //to express//. //Expressing// implies that there is bottled up emotion waiting to ooze out in the form of behavior. It will almost always lead you away from the contingencies controlling the behavior of concern.